序批式颗粒污泥系统中磷的变化和去向分析

在实验室序批式活性污泥法(SBR)处理系统中以普通活性污泥为接种污泥,采用厌氧-好氧的运行方式提高系统的除磷效果.同时培养颗粒污泥,并对系统中磷的变化和去向进行分析.结果表明,整个试验共运行146 d,成熟颗粒污泥平均粒径为603μm,污泥体积指数(SVI)约为30 mL.g-1,COD去除率可达90%,磷的去除率可达95%左右.颗粒污泥系统除厌氧放磷和好氧聚磷以外,还存在明显的污泥颗粒积磷现象.磷的去除途径主要为:系统排泥(出水悬浮物和专门排泥)和污泥积磷.由厌氧末期颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果可知,化学沉淀是污泥积磷的一种重要方式,大量的金属离子会与磷形成无机盐沉积在污泥颗粒上.     

Effects of sterilization treatments on the analysis of TOC in water samples

Decomposition experiments conducted with and without microbial processes are commonly used to study the effects of environmental microorganisms on the degradation of organic pollutants.However,the effects of biological pretreatment (sterilization) on organic matter often have a negative impact on such experiments.Based on the principle of water total organic carbon (TOC) analysis,the effects of physical sterilization treatments on determination of TOC and other water quality parameters were investigated.The results revealed that two conventional physical sterilization treatments,autoclaving and 60 Co γ-radiation sterilization,led to the direct decomposition of some organic pollutants,resulting in remarkable errors in the analysis of TOC in water samples.Furthermore,the extent of the errors varied with the intensity and the duration of sterilization treatments.Accordingly,a novel sterilization method for water samples,0.45 μm micro-filtration coupled with ultraviolet radiation (MCUR),was developed in the present study.The results indicated that the MCUR method was capable of exerting a high bactericidal effect on the water sample while significantly decreasing the negative impact on the analysis of TOC and other water quality parameters.Before and after sterilization treatments,the relative errors of TOC determination could be controlled to lower than 3% for water samples with different categories and concentrations of organic pollutants by using MCUR.     

Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China

Contamination of soil and agricultural products by heavy metals resulting from rapid industrial development has caused major concern. In this study, we investigated heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg and Cd) concentrations in rice and garden vegetables, as well as in cultivated soils, in a rural-industrial developed region in southern Jiangsu, China, and estimated the potential health risks of metals to the inhabitants via consumption of locally produced rice and garden vegetables. A questionnaire-based survey on dietary consumption rates of foodstuffs showed that rice and vegetables accounted for 64% of total foodstuffs consumed, and over 60% of rice and vegetables were grown in the local region. Average concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb were 0.75, 2.64, 12.00, 0.014, 0.006 and 0.054 mg/kg dw (dry weight) in rice and were 0.67, 1.18, 4.34, 0.011, 0.002 and 0.058 mg/kg fw (fresh weight) in garden vegetables, respectively. These values were all below the maximum allowable concentration in food in China except for Cr in vegetables. Leafy vegetables had higher metal concentrations than solanaceae vegetables. Average daily intake of Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg and Pb through the consumption of rice and garden vegetables were 5.66, 16.90, 74.21, 0.10, 0.04 and 0.43 μg/(kg·day), respectively. Although Hazard Quotient values of individual metals were all lower than 1, when all six metal intakes via self-planted rice and garden vegetables were combined, the Hazard Index value was close to 1. Potential health risks from exposure to heavy metals in self-planted rice and garden vegetables need more attention.     

珠三角区域空气质量指数(RAQI)的研究

区域空气质量指数(Regional Air Quality Index,RAQI)是粤港政府联合发布、反映珠三角区域内不同地区的空气质量状况的评级系统。虽然RAQI综合考虑了空气污染的总量水平,较我国空气污染指数(Air Pollution Index,API)系统增加了O3,一定程度地考虑了大气氧化性增高的问题,但其所表征的空气质量状况与实际空气污染水平和公众感受仍存在差异。对2006年珠三角和香港监测数据的研究表明,RAQI较API能更充分地体现空气质量的分级;小时RAQI能够实时准确地反映了环境质量的变化,较每日RAQI更具有实际意义;加入PM2.5或采用不同的O3、PM10和PM2.5环境质量标准,是影响RAQI的重要因素。PM2.5/PM10为0.7,比世界卫生组织推荐的PM2.5/PM10为0.5的比例更符合珠三角的实际情况。因此,增加细粒子污染物PM2.5,适当调严某些污染物的环境质量标准,增加RAQI的发布频次,可以使RAQI更全面、准确地反映区域空气污染状况,是RAQI改进的方向。     

下水道中微生物反应及水质转化的数值研究

以污染物对流扩散理论为基础,在分析下水道系统水环境中各种物理、化学和生物现象的基础上,结合活性污泥数学模型(ASM)的相关理论,建立了下水道系统的微生物和水质转化数学模型,该模型考虑了多个水质变量间的耦合计算及其相互转化和迁移过程。应用实验室实测资料对模型进行验证分析,计算结果和实测值吻合较好,表明该模型可为下水道系统的设计、水质评估等提供指导,也可为污水处理厂等提供前期水质参考。     

城市绿地系统服务价值定量评价的研究进展

文章从生态服务价值的角度出发,综合评述了目前国内外城市绿地系统服务价值研究动态,包括固碳释氧、降温增湿、防灾减灾等生态、社会效益的货币化度量,以及国外利用"3S"技术构建城市绿地系统服务价值评价模型等方面。指出当前城市绿地系统服务价值评价的两个新方向是:城市绿地与房地产价格之间的相关性,以及城市绿地防灾减灾功能的探讨与研究。     

太湖上游水环境对植物分布格局的影响机制

对北太湖上游流域的苏南第二大湖泊滆湖及其入太湖的主要河流(太滆运河与漕桥河)的水质和水生植被开展调查、评价与环境生态学研究。调查结果表明所有样点水质均超富营养化,尤以太滆运河与漕桥河的水体污染为甚。通过PCA综合评价,河流绝大多数河段已是Ⅳ类水体,滆湖也已呈Ⅲ类水体。对水生植物类群调查而言,调查发现太隔运河和漕桥河中上游河段水生植物多样性指数均很小,凤眼莲、芦苇和菰为优势种,沉水植被分布很少,群落退化严重,耐污种篦齿眼子菜和水盾草占优势;在湖泊中心区,沉水植物已完全退化。聚类分析发现所调查的植物可分为3大类群。PCO和CCA分别表明河流与湖泊所在的样点间的水体理化性状出现很明显的分离;该流域水体中不同形态N、P含量或底泥N、P含量主要影响水生植物种类组成和分布。     

利用16s rDNA方法检测刺参消化道细菌种类

以2007年7月采自大连瓦房店养殖厂的刺参为实验材料,通过对刺参肠道中的细菌16s rDNA V3区基因进行扩增、克隆测序及序列同源性分析,对其种类进行初步研究。本研究测序获得11条16s rDNA V3区基因序列,并进行Blast同源比对,确定序列同源性,分析出11种细菌,三种梭菌属(Clostridium)细菌,两种为假单胞菌属细菌(Pseudomonas),一种产丙酸菌属细菌(Propionigenium),一种为金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),有六种细菌分别与4种不可培养的未命名细菌同源,并根据测序结果建立系统发生树。本研究提供了一种检测海洋微生物的方法,为刺参病害诊断提供科学依据,为海洋微生物资源的开发和新种的发现提供了资料。     

一起设备火灾事故成因分析

设备火灾是生产加工型企业较为常见的一类火灾事故。对一起设备火灾进行了调查,分析了火灾成因。     

浅谈"我要安全"应从预防事故做起

“我要安全”主题活动已在中国石化开展了近2年,做了大量工作,取得了显著的效果,但是“三违”现象仍时有发生,在2009年发生的人身伤害、火灾事故中有90％是“三违”引起的,“三违”仍然是制约集团公司安全生产形势根本好转的顽症。2010年的工作重点是：巩固2009年的成果、提高全员安全意识、落实全员安全责任、规范全员安全行为。做好以上工作的前提是把预防措施落到实处,突出“预防为主”这个主题。